四時充美

U.S. State Department spokeswoman Morgan Ortagus on Thursday called China a ''thuggish regime'' for disclosing personal details and a photograph of a U.S. diplomat who met with leaders of Hong Kong's pro-democracy movement.

thuggish regime 該如何翻譯？

thuggish regime 目前最常見的翻譯為「流氓政權」、「暴徒政權」、「兇暴政權」、「流氓國家」。regime 譯為政權，應該沒有疑義；倒是thuggish 各大報章媒體的譯法互異，如上所見。

根據劍橋辭典，thuggish 是指 acting in a violent way, or looking violent。我個人傾向於將 "thuggish regime" 譯為「殘暴政權」，較不贊成譯為「流氓政權」或「流氓國家」，因為這樣的譯法會和另一個已經定調的專有名詞"rogue state" (流氓國家）混淆。

 補充：以下是 worldatlas 對 rogue state 的定義：

The term ‘Rogue States’ according to many International Relations scholars refers to a country that is keen to deliberately and purposefully commit transgressions and break international laws and policies that are meant to ensure peace globally. Additionally, such states’ intentions are to pose threat to the security of their countries as well as other countries all over the world. There are certain attributes that make a state to be defined and categorized as a rogue state. These attributes relate to commission of major transgressions which are against the international laws and policies. These are: pursuance weapons of mass destruction (WMD),actively carry out or support terrorism and terrorism related activities, systematic and severe violation and restriction of accepted international human rights, and repression and abuse of a state’s own citizens. Additionally, rogue states are characterized by authoritarian rule, involvement in large-scale criminal activities such as drugs trafficking and money laundering or counterfeiting activities, and pathetic handling and treatment of those who dissent to the political leadership of the state. Generally, rogue states do not play by the rules of international politics. Rather they are outsiders to the international community who defiantly flout and show contempt for international laws and policies that are meant to promote global peace with an aim of attaining their own selfish interests. Rogue states are also sometimes referred to as ‘Outlaw States’ or ‘Renegade Regimes’.

 補充：以下內容是 worldpopulationreview.com 對 failed state 的說明：

There are two characteristics of a failed state. The first is that the government cannot project authority over the people and the territory. The second is that it is unable to protect its boundaries. In other words, the government structure is completely unsuccessful. The government of a failed state is unable to control its people or resources, and there are very few – if any – public services available. 

There are many reasons why a state would fail. A predatory and corrupt government is one major reason. Other reasons include civil wars, genocide, and ethnic violence. A failed state can’t implement public policies, infrastructure is not effectively built, and civil liberties and human rights are unprotected. There is no physical security for a failed state’s residents, and there is no stable political or economic systems in place.

Currently, there are many states throughout the world that are noted to be “failed states,” while others classify them as “vulnerable,” meaning that unless change comes soon, the states will fail. 

Some of the states most in danger of failing include states like Nicaragua, Brazil, Sudan, and North Korea, due to corruption. States like Libya, Iraq, Pakistanand Siberia are in danger of failing because of rebellion. Other states including Nigeria and Nepal are at risk because of democratic collapse. States including Iraq, Yemen and Turkey are in danger to religious and ethnic conflicts.