四時充美

Bentham rejected Cesare Beccaria’s humanism, proposing instead a criminology and reform agenda that was based on the ‘scientific’ view of people as rational choice actors. Nevertheless he was not amoral. Accepting that ‘the greatest happiness for the greatest number … is the measure of right and wrong’, Bentham assumed morality could be liberated from religion and narrow prejudice and itself rendered scientific: good and evil could be calculated on the basis of the utilities of any action.

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Beccaria’s name is today inextricably associated with what is often dubbed the ‘Classical School’ of criminology. This is something of a misnomer, as Beccaria was neither a criminologist (the idea of a discipline focused upon the systematic study of crime did not emerge until a century or so after Beccaria’s death), nor was he a part of any clearly defined ‘school’ that held to a consistent set of views. Nevertheless, On Crimes and Punishments (1764), Beccaria’s major work, exerted a wide-ranging influence both upon reformers and academics, and continues to be seen justifiably as a landmark in modern scholarship and intellectual development where it comes to the understanding of crime, law and punishment.

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下圖改寫自陳逸飛老師對古典犯罪學派與實證犯罪學派的比較：
 

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龍布羅梭是用科學方法研究犯罪的第一人，被稱為犯罪學之父。他的「生來犯罪人」理論於19世紀末、二十世紀初，主導了當時對犯罪行為的研究。他主張犯罪乃是來自遺傳，且一個人是否成為罪犯，可從生理特徵看出端倪。
這些生理特徵包括了：

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